The Republic of Moldova remains largely unknown, as does the armed conflict that pitted it against the Moldovan Republic of Transnistria in 1992, a self-proclaimed entity established on the eastern bank of the Nistru/Dniester River. The Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict is not only linked to the collapse of the USSR, the Moldovans’ desire for recognition of their language, independence, or, for some, reunification with Romania, as well as the Transnistrians’ wish to preserve the USSR and then achieve their own independence, but it is also a legacy of the region’s past, of changes in sovereignty and borders, and of population movements that have occurred over the centuries, driven by wars, occupations, and revolutions. The Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict, currently “frozen,” is the subject of a long and complex negotiation process involving various actors (Russia, Ukraine, the United States, the European Union, and the OSCE), whose regional ambitions are the source of numerous tensions. This book examines the origins of the Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict, the conflict itself, and the negotiations for its resolution through the lens of the region’s history, its population, the related linguistic and identity issues (such as those concerning the Romanian roots of Moldovan culture and language), and the role of the various actors involved, including states, regional and international organizations, local political groups, and ordinary Moldovan and Transnistrian citizens who participated in the 1992 conflict.